All posts by #VofintiniUS

Science Zone

Science of Sleep

We sleep for over twenty years in our lifetimes.  We take sleep for granted in our lifestyle.  Most of us do not have to work eighty plus hours of week.  We can sleep in on the weekends.  On average we get at least six hours of sleep each night.  Learning about the science behind sleep can help us understand and appreciate sleep, but more importantly for something so benign, it is very interesting.

Sleep is very important to our health.  If we sleep less than five hours a night on average, we tend to feel hungrier and gain weight over time.  Also a lack of sleep makes us less tolerant to pain.  There is a disturbance in our pain signaling and our sensitivity to pain increases.  New parents also need a little break at times, due to the added stress on their bodies from lack of sleep. A new born baby results in 400-750 hours of lost sleep in the first year.

Your brain never stops working during sleep.  Twelve percent of people dream in black and white.  Also, we can only dream about faces we have already seen.  As humans we may toss and turn in our sleep, but what about sea mammals that are in the water but need air to breathe while they sleep.  Whales and dolphins have a special ability in which they can fall half asleep.  Their brains take turns, so they can take continue surfacing to breathe.
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In this country we have many people that have sleep problems.  The average person wakes up six times every night. More than 35 million prescriptions for sleep aids are written each year.  Trouble sleeping relates to stress that we have in our lives.  Think about when we have an important project or test coming up, we have difficulty sleeping the night before.  In order to help us sleep we have to be either very tired or think peaceful thoughts.   Our sleep cycle is connected to temperature, and therefore we cannot sleep in hot environments if we are not used to it.  

Sleep is very important for our functionality.  It keeps our stress leveled and keeps our body rested.  Getting plenty of sleep every night promotes productivity and keeps us focused.  Although sleep does not seem that important, without it, everything else in our lives can be thrown out of balance.

Politics, Social/World Views, Variant News, World News

What the Heck? About the National Debt

 

 

At this moment the US owes China about $1.28 trillion, that’s right, $1,280,000,000,000.  This, however, only represents about 8% of the national debt.  China is the biggest overseas creditor.

The total debt to other parts of the federal government is $4.76 trillion which is 28.4% of the total debt.

The biggest creditor of the US is Social Security.  The trust funds contain US Treasury securities totaling $2.76 trillion.  It might seem unusual that the government owes money to other arms of the federal government.  The scary part about this is if the government defaults on the debt, no one actually knows how Social Security and Medicare checks would be affected.

Secretary of Treasury, Jack Lew, has said, “If we have insufficient cash on hand, it would be impossible for the United States of America to meet all of its obligations — including Social Security and Medicare benefits.” So basically, we have a problem and with no solution and no idea what will happen if we don’t fix it.
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I don’t know how difficult it is to compromise and raise the debt limit, but no matter which party has the majority in any branch of government, the debt limit has been either raised or adjusted 78 times since 1960.

With everything going on and all the concerns, one thing is certain: Section 4 of the 14th Amendment forbids defaulting on the debt.  The text states: “The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.”

The bottom line: if nothing changes, then the government can only spend what it makes, instead of spending more than it makes.  The budget and accounting books would HAVE to be balanced.  With an estimated $3 trillion in revenue coming into the government it will have to work with only that amount to pay for the interest on national debt ($240 billion), social security payments ($860 billion), Medicare and Medicaid ($860 billion), veteran benefits ($140 billion), and basic operating costs of government functions ($106 billion).  Leaving $800 billion to pay for transportation, education, retirement programs, defense spending, welfare spending, the affordable care act and much more.  The country will survive on a balanced budget, but there will be major spending cuts.

 

(Numbers for US spending and debt gathered from Forbes and AARP)

Politics, Social/World Views, Variant News

15 Things You Should Know About the Government Shutdown

 

 

  1. The government shut down was a result of Congress not passing the spending bills necessary to fund the government.  Some shut downs include Smithsonian museums, loan agencies, NIH clinical trials, and national security personal.  The military, Congress, and the President still get paid.
  2. I don’t know why but the government’s fiscal year is October 1st to September 30th so the funding stops in the middle of the year.
  3. The hold up involves House Republicans and Senate Democrats.  Republicans want provisions in the new spending bill to give less money to Obamacare, while the Democrats want just the opposite.
  4. Obamacare is indirectly related to the funding, but the Republicans are using it as leverage against the new spending bill.  The Republicans think that the health care law is detrimental enough that they are trying to disrupt government funding.
  5. Objections to Obamacare include hurting employers and increasing unemployment.

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  6. Democrats defend Obamacare by saying that the law will bring universal health care, decrease overall cost of coverage, and keep insurance companies from denying coverage to people with pre-existing conditions.
  7. The spending bill was amended over the weekend with two items: the delay of Obamacare for one year and the repeal of the medical device tax
  8. On Monday the Senate rejected the amendments from the House.  Then the House approved another spending plan that removed the Obamacare individual mandate.  After the Senate rejected that proposal, shutdown was imminent.
  9. House members had reaffirmed the anti-Obamacare and requested a conference to work out the differences on Monday night.
  10. The last shutdown occured in 1995 and lasted 21 days.
  11. More than 800,000 government employees will be furloughed.
  12. The impact on the economy might not be severe in the short run, but over a three to four week shutdown it would cost the economy around $55 billion.
  13. This will affect our daily lives in different ways.  The military will continue to fight and social security checks will still be paid.  But if you want a federal loan, gun permit, or passport it ain’t going to happen anytime soon.
  14. There is also another pressing issue, the debt ceiling.  Imagine what happens when we max out our credit cards.  Right now we are on the verge of maxing out our debt ceiling of $16.699 trillion.  The president has to ask Congress to raise the credit limit, but this issue won’t arise until October 17.
  15. Congress doesn’t agree on much, but they did agree to keep on paying troops. Now all they need to do is  what we elect them to do, run our government.

Politics, World News

Latest Developments in Syria

Jay Patel

President Barack Obama had a tough decision between pursuing military action and remaining stagnant.  There is very weak support for military action after recently starting to withdraw troops from the Middle East.  Russia aided in the President’s decision by proposing a plan that would have Syria surrender its chemical arsenal.

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President Obama will have a televised address on Tuesday September 10th at 9 pm.

Health, Science and Humanities, Social/World Views

Chemical Warfare

Jay PatelWarfare has experienced much innovation from conventional weapons like blades and guns to nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare.  I have played different first person shooters like Call of Duty and Halo, but I wasn’t too familiar with the other styles of warfare.  With the chemical attacks happening in Syria I was curious as to how chemical warfare actually affects humans.  I was surprised to find that these popular video games that we all love to play use some non-conventional weaponry even in an elementary fashion.

The different classes of chemical agents include nerve (attack and block certain nervous functions), blood (attack blood cells, cause them to burst or prevent them from using oxygen), blister (blisters and burns on the skin), pulmonary (impair and eventually stop breathing), lachrymatory (severe eye stinging and temporary blindness).  These agents can be lethal and non-lethal.  Non-lethal is normally used for controlling crowds or riots.  They disable people cause temporary blindness and dizziness.  Tear gas and nova gas are example of non lethal but only when used in small doses.  Its atrocious to see how these chemicals, found in toilet cleaners, cigarettes, and paint thinner, can be weaponized to destroy societies around the world.

The lethal chemicals used in the recent attacks in Syria involved nerve gas.  Its mechanism involves blocking enzymes critical to specific biochemical reactions.  For example nerves that control our muscles and our breathing would fire irregularly and cause muscle spasms and convolution, while simultaneously slowing down breathing.   Different names of the chemical agents used are sarin gas, chlorine, mustard gas and hydrogen cyanide.  The most important thing to note is that the dose of the chemical determines how lethal it is.  For example, chlorine in small quantities is used to clean water in swimming pools but in high doses it causes severe irritation in the nose, throat, and lungs.

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Something interesting to note about the chemicals used in the attacks is that this is not the first time that we have seen these agents used.  They have been used in Vietnam, Japan, the Middle East, and of course Nazi Germany, but the were never utilized to attack another country in the same manner as in Syria.  These weapons were mainly targeted at specific groups of people to control anarchy in different areas.  How far countries will go with chemical warfare?  There’s a reason that no country has attacked with nuclear weapons after the US dropped the atomic bomb on Japan.  Now that countries have seen the consequences of a chemical attack first hand hopefully they are smart about preventing warfare instead of developing more ways to kill.  A reported 355 people died in the chemical attack.

Written  By: Jay Patel
Edited By: J.A.Montemoiño